On Liberty by John Stuart Mill (Penguin Classics)

“On Liberty” is a seminal work by the English philosopher and political economist John Stuart Mill, first published in 1859. It is considered a cornerstone of classical liberal thought and a foundational text on the principles of individual liberty and the limits of state authority. Here are some key aspects of Mill’s ideas as presented in “On Liberty”:

1. Harm Principle: Mill’s central argument revolves around the Harm Principle, which states that individuals have the right to act as they wish, as long as their actions do not harm others. He argues that society has no right to interfere with an individual’s conduct unless it poses a clear and direct harm to others.

2. Individual Autonomy: Mill emphasizes the importance of individual autonomy and self-development. He believes that individuals should have the freedom to think, express, and act on their own convictions, as long as they do not infringe upon the rights of others.

3. Tyranny of the Majority: Mill warns against the tyranny of the majority, cautioning that societal pressure and conformity can stifle dissenting opinions and suppress minority voices. He argues that society should protect the rights of all individuals, including those who hold minority or unpopular viewpoints.

4. Freedom of Thought and Expression: Mill defends the freedom of thought and expression as vital for intellectual and moral progress. He contends that even if an opinion is considered false or offensive, its free expression is necessary for society to critically examine and reaffirm its own beliefs.

5. Limits on State Power: Mill advocates for strong limitations on the power of the state to interfere in the lives of individuals. He argues that the government’s role should primarily be to prevent harm and maintain order, while allowing individuals the maximum possible freedom to pursue their own happiness and well-being.

6. The Harm Principle and Paternalism: Mill discusses the limits of the Harm Principle in cases where individuals may harm themselves through their actions. He argues against paternalistic interventions by the state, asserting that individuals have the right to make their own choices, even if they are deemed imprudent or self-destructive, as long as they do not harm others.

“On Liberty” remains highly influential in the fields of political philosophy, ethics, and the protection of individual rights. Mill’s ideas on liberty, individual autonomy, and the relationship between the individual and society continue to shape discussions on freedom and the proper limits of state authority.